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- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Serbia and Montenegro
- Header
-
-
- Note:
- Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent
- state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the
- US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)
- has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its
- continuation
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Serbia and Montenegro
- Geography
-
-
- Location:
- Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia
- and Herzegovina
- Map references:
- Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe
- Area:
- total area:
- 102,350 sq km
- land area:
- 102,136 sq km
- comparative area:
- slightly larger than Kentucky
- note:
- Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km making it slightly
- larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 sq km and a land
- area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly larger than Connecticut
- Land boundaries:
- total 2,246 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with Montenegro),
- Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro),
- Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151
- km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km
- note:
- the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
- Coastline:
- 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
- Maritime claims:
- NA
- International disputes:
- Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia -
- Muslims seeking autonomy; disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia
- over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence
- from Serbian Republic
- Climate:
- in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with
- well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean
- climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers
- and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
- Terrain:
- extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone
- ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the
- southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast
- Natural resources:
- oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome
- Land use:
- arable land:
- 30%
- permanent crops:
- 5%
- meadows and pastures:
- 20%
- forest and woodland:
- 25%
- other:
- 20%
- Irrigated land:
- NA sq km
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Serbia and Montenegro
- Geography
- Environment:
- current issues:
- pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in
- tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other
- industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the
- Sava which flows into the Danube
- natural hazards:
- destructive earthquakes
- international agreements:
- NA
- Note:
- controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the
- Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Serbia and Montenegro
- People
-
-
- Population:
- total population:
- 11,101,833 (July 1995 est.)
- Montenegro:
- 708,248 (July 1995 est.)
- Serbia:
- 10,393,585 (July 1995 est.)
- Age structure:
- Montenegro:
- *** No data for this item ***
- 0-14 years:
- 22% (female 77,498; male 82,005)
- 15-64 years:
- 68% (female 236,987; male 241,397)
- 65 years and over:
- 10% (female 41,625; male 28,736) (July 1995 est.)
- Serbia:
- *** No data for this item ***
- 0-14 years:
- 22% (female 1,095,121; male 1,173,224)
- 15-64 years:
- 66% (female 3,431,823; male 3,483,066)
- 65 years and over:
- 12% (female 699,488; male 510,863) (July 1995 est.)
- Population growth rate:
- Montenegro:
- 0.79% (1995 est.)
- Serbia:
- 0.51% (1995 est.)
- Birth rate:
- Montenegro:
- 14.39 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Serbia:
- 14.15 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Death rate:
- Montenegro:
- 5.7 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Serbia:
- 8.72 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Net migration rate:
- Montenegro:
- -0.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Serbia:
- -0.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Infant mortality rate:
- Montenegro:
- 9.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
- Serbia:
- 18.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth:
- Montenegro:
- *** No data for this item ***
- total population:
- 79.56 years
- male:
- 76.69 years
- female:
- 82.61 years (1995 est.)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Serbia and Montenegro
- People
- Serbia:
- *** No data for this item ***
- total population:
- 73.94 years
- male:
- 71.4 years
- female:
- 76.68 years (1995 est.)
- Total fertility rate:
- Montenegro:
- 1.79 children born/woman (1995 est.)
- Serbia:
- 2 children born/woman (1995 est.)
- Nationality:
- noun:
- Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)
- adjective:
- Serbian and Montenegrin
- Ethnic divisions:
- Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13%
- Religions:
- Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%
- Languages:
- Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%
- Literacy:
- NA%
- Labor force:
- 2,640,909
- by occupation:
- industry, mining 40% (1990)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Serbia and Montenegro
- Government
-
-
- Names:
- conventional long form:
- none
- conventional short form:
- Serbia and Montenegro
- local long form:
- none
- local short form:
- Srbija-Crna Gora
- Digraph:
- Serbia:
- SR
- Montenegro:
- MW
- Type:
- republic
- Capital:
- Belgrade
- Administrative divisions:
- 2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 nominally autonomous
- provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
- Independence:
- 11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as self-proclaimed
- successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - SFRY)
- National holiday:
- NA
- Constitution:
- 27 April 1992
- Legal system:
- based on civil law system
- Suffrage:
- 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
- Executive branch:
- chief of state:
- President Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is
- president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is president of
- Montenegro (since 23 December 1990); Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on
- 25 June 1993
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December 1992); Deputy Prime
- Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Uros KLIKOVAC (since 15
- September 1994), Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15 September 1995)
- cabinet:
- Federal Executive Council
- Legislative branch:
- bicameral Federal Assembly
- Chamber of Republics:
- elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -
- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total, 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin)
- seats by party NA
- Chamber of Citizens:
- elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -
- percent of votes by party NA; seats - (138 total, 108 Serbian, 30
- Montenegrin) SPS 47, SRS 34, Depos 20, DPSCG 17, DS 5, SP 5, NS 4, DZVM 3,
- other 3
- Judicial branch:
- Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Serbia and Montenegro
- Government
- Political parties and leaders:
- Serbian Socialist Party (SPS, former Communist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC;
- Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Movement
- (SPO), Vuk DRASKOVIC, president; Democratic Party (DS), Zoran DJINDJIC;
- Democratic Party of Serbia (Depos), Vojlslav KOSTUNICA; Democratic Party of
- Socialists of Montenegro (DPSCG), Momir BULATOVIC, president; People's Party
- of Montenegro (NS), Milan PAROSKI; Liberal Alliance of Montenegro, Slavko
- PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians (DZVM), Andras
- AGOSTON; League of Communists-Movement for Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan
- ATANASOVSKI; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo (LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA,
- president; Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Sulejman UGLJANIN; Civic
- Alliance of Serbia (GSS), Vesna PESIC, chairman; Socialist Party of
- Montenegro (SP), leader NA
- Other political or pressure groups:
- NA
- Diplomatic representation in US:
- US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the
- Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to
- function in the US
- US diplomatic representation:
- chief of mission:
- (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Rudolf V. PERINA
- embassy:
- address NA, Belgrade
- mailing address:
- Box 5070, Unit 1310, APO AE 09213-1310
- telephone:
- [381] (11) 645655
- FAX:
- [381] (11) 645221
- Flag:
- three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Serbia and Montenegro
- Economy
-
-
- Overview:
- The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991 has been followed by
- bloody ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the
- breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and Montenegro faces
- major economic problems; output has dropped sharply, particularly in 1993.
- First, like the other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister
- republics for large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and
- manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of
- technology among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the
- communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number
- of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in
- output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction
- of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic
- difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation
- of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a communist
- government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery,
- not economic reform. A further complication is the imposition of economic
- sanctions by the UN in 1992. Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of
- a new currency unit in June 1993; prices were relatively stable in 1994.
- Reliable statistics are hard to come by; the GDP estimate of $1,000 per
- capita in 1994 is extremely rough. Output in 1994 seems to have leveled off
- after the plunge in 1993.
- National product:
- GDP - purchasing power parity - $10 billion (1994 est.)
- National product real growth rate:
- NA%
- National product per capita:
- $1,000 (1994 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices):
- 20% (January-November 1994 est.)
- Unemployment rate:
- more than 40% (1994 est.)
- Budget:
- revenues:
- $NA
- expenditures:
- $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
- Exports:
- $NA
- commodities:
- prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslavia exported machinery and
- transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals,
- raw materials
- partners:
- prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners were the other former
- Yugoslav republics, Italy, Germany, other EC, the FSU countries, East
- European countries, US
- Imports:
- $NA
- commodities:
- prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslavia imported machinery and
- transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals,
- food and live animals, raw materials including coking coal for the steel
- industry
- partners:
- prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners were the other former
- Yugoslav republics, the FSU countries, EC countries (mainly Italy and
- Germany), East European countries, US
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Serbia and Montenegro
- Economy
- External debt:
- $4.2 billion (1993 est.)
- Industrial production:
- growth rate NA%
- Electricity:
- capacity:
- 10,400,000 kW
- production:
- 34 billion kWh
- consumption per capita:
- 2,400 kWh (1994 est.)
- Industries:
- machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and
- weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel,
- aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining
- (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods
- (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum
- products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
- Agriculture:
- the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the
- former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina
- also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production;
- Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long
- growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock
- production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces
- fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous
- pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry;
- Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where
- a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, and
- rice
- Illicit drugs:
- NA
- Economic aid:
- $NA
- Currency:
- 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras
- Exchange rates:
- Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 102.6 (February 1995 black market rate)
- Fiscal year:
- calendar year
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Serbia and Montenegro
- Transportation
-
-
- Railroads:
- total:
- 3,960 km
- standard gauge:
- 3,960 km 1.435-m gauge (partially electrified) (1992)
- Highways:
- total:
- 46,019 km
- paved:
- 26,949 km
- unpaved:
- gravel 10,373 km; earth 8,697 km (1990)
- Inland waterways:
- NA km
- Pipelines:
- crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km
- Ports:
- Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat
- Merchant marine:
- Montenegro:
- total 35 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 543,511 GRT/891,664 DWT
- (controlled by Montenegrin beneficial owners)
- ships by type:
- bulk 15, cargo 14, container 5, short-sea passenger ferry 1
- note:
- under Maltese and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines flags; no ships remain
- under Yugoslav flag
- Serbia:
- total 2 (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 113,471 GRT/212,742 DWT (controlled by
- Serbian beneficial owners)
- ships by type:
- bulk 2
- note:
- all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; no ships remain
- under Yugoslav flag
- Airports:
- total:
- 54
- with paved runways over 3,047 m:
- 2
- with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
- 5
- with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:
- 5
- with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 2
- with paved runways under 914 m:
- 24
- with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m:
- 2
- with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 14
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Serbia and Montenegro
- Communications
-
-
- Telephone system:
- 700,000 telephones
- local:
- NA
- intercity:
- NA
- international:
- 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station
- Radio:
- broadcast stations:
- AM 26, FM 9, shortwave 0
- radios:
- 2.015 million
- Television:
- broadcast stations:
- 18
- televisions:
- 1 million
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Serbia and Montenegro
- Defense Forces
-
-
- Branches:
- People's Army (includes Ground Forces with internal and border troops, Naval
- Forces, and Air and Air Defense Forces), Civil Defense
- Manpower availability:
- Montenegro:
- males age 15-49 194,154; males fit for military service 157,611; males reach
- military age (19) annually 5,498 (1995 est.)
- Serbia:
- males age 15-49 2,652,224; males fit for military service 2,131,894 (1995
- est.)
- Defense expenditures:
- 245 billion dinars, 4% to 6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of
- defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could
- produce misleading results
-